Have you ever had a seemingly unsolvable problem? Sure, you have! Your business is going all out trying to reach a specific goal or target, but you fall short. Someone says the equipment is to blame. So, you buy better equipment, but the problem persists. Then, your management team suggests that it’s human error, so you dive in with training interventions and performance appraisals. But the problem doesn’t go away.
What you need to do is identify the “root cause” of the problem, the less-than-obvious reason why you aren’t reaching your goals. If your Root Cause Analysis can find it, you can correct it, stop throwing time and money at it, quit putting out fires, and enjoy the success with which your hard work deserves to be rewarded. By eliminating the root cause of an issue, you can prevent it from happening again. Ever.
Sounds worthwhile? Let’s see how you’d go about doing your Root Cause Analysis as a problem-solving tool.
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Before you even begin, it’s worth noting that you’re going to dig really deep and that by doing so, you could solve multiple problems at once. A single root cause can use can have multiple effects. As an analogy, think of an illness. It will have several symptoms. If you only treat the symptoms, you haven’t addressed the cause, and the illness won’t go away.
In the business context, solving a single root cause could solve several problems at once. For example, a root cause analysis on why a hospital patient received heart surgery intended for someone else found no fewer than seventeen reasons for why it happened. The root cause was the need for organizational change.
Things like quality issues, late deliveries, and missed targets could all come down to one, single cause. That’s the “root” you’re looking for. If you want to weed out problems, just skimming the surface will give you a temporary solution. Remove the problems by the roots, and it’s gone forever.
Root Cause Analysis: Three Steps to Root Cause Identification
Root Cause Analysis-based problem solving uses six simple-sounding steps. In practice, navigating them is more easily said than done, but the systematic approach will eventually lead you to that sneaky root cause that’s giving you so many grey hairs. Let’s unpack them:
1. Define the Problem
Now, you might think its easy to define a problem, but it requires careful thought and possibly a little investigation to get a proper definition. For instance, you could say: “We have an unacceptable number of product defects.” That’s not a good definition. How many defects are slipping through? What are those defects? What is the effect of the defect or defects?
Returning to the illness analogy, think about a visit to the doctor. You tell your doctor you’ve got a headache. Before the doctor starts examining you, he or she will try to get more information about the headache. When did it start? Which part of your head hurts? Are there any other symptoms that could be related to the problem? What’s your medical history? The more the doctor knows about your ailment, the easier it is to find out what’s causing it.
Spend time analyzing the problem so that you can define it in as detailed a way as possible. Don’t start looking for causes yet. That comes later.
2. What are the Reasons for the Problem?
Reasons aren’t the same thing as root causes. They’re just the obvious issues which you may already have tried to address. In some instances, you might end up with several reasons why something went wrong. That’s fine. You need the full list.
Confused? Aren’t reasons root causes? No, they are not! Here’s a simple example. You have a runny nose. What is the reason for the runny nose? The mucous membranes are inflamed. If you’re an allergy sufferer, you’ll know that the inflammation isn’t the root cause of your runny nose. A deeper cause would be an inappropriate response from your immune system, but that’s still not the root cause. The real root cause is your exposure to an allergen.
So, you can identify reasons for a problem, but just trying to deal with reasons still won’t eliminate the real cause of the problem you defined. You’re making progress with your Root Cause Analysis, but you’re not there yet. List all the reasons you found and move to the next step.
3. Root Cause Identification
There are several tools that you can use to get under the skin of your problem and down to its root cause. Expect to take more time on this step than you needed for the steps you completed so far. However, it’s worth being thorough. Finding a secondary cause might not give you the root cause.
Your Root Cause Analysis team has to dig and keep digging until they hit the bedrock of the issue.
Eliminating problems forever is a tantalizing prospect, so Root Cause Analysis is a very popular approach to problem-solving. Over the years, various tools have been developed to help businesses to identify root causes. The tool you choose will depend on how complex your problem is, how big your business is, and the amount of time and resources you’re willing to expend on problem-solving.
Here are a few examples of popular Root Cause Analysis Tools:
1.Fishbone Diagrams
The Fishbone Diagram is a popular Root Cause Analysis Tool – and yes, it looks like a fish! Phrase the problem as a “why” question and place it at the head of the diagram. Now track possible causes using the Fishbone Diagram categories most relevant to your industry type. There are several variations, and it’s up to you to decide which ones are the most likely to apply to your problem.
Fishbone diagrams will help you to determine contributing factors that led to an issue. However, they may not immediately point to a process-based solution. To get there, try combining your fishbone diagram with the Five Whys.
2. The 5 Whys
The 5 Whys should point to a process that needs adjusting. Will you get there with just five questions? You might not. Keep asking “why” questions till you reach a point where you can identify the process you need to adjust.
Here’s an example:
- Why could the vehicle not complete the journey?
The car broke down
- Why did the car break down?
The engine seized.
- Why did the engine seize?
There was not enough oil.
- Why was there not enough oil?
It was not topped up in time.
- Why was the oil not topped in time?
The driver did not check the oil before leaving.
Note that the final “why” points to a root cause. The driver did not check the oil. To ensure that this doesn’t happen again, the oil check needs to become part of the routine the driver follows. Even this simple example points to a situation in which you have a chance to eliminate multiple problems. Does the driver have a pre-trip checklist? What about checking tires and radiator water, and what about making sure that lights and indicators work?
3. Pareto Analysis
The Pareto Analysis is based on the 80/20 principle. Try it out. It works for both positive and negative results. Who buys 80 percent of your products? You’ll probably find that 20 percent of your clients give you 80 percent of your sales.
What causes 80 percent of your problems? Chances are you’ll find that 20 percent of the possible causes were responsible for 80 percent of them. You may want to address ALL the possible causes of a problem, but overkill is costly. Use Pareto analysis to determine what your priorities are and where your resources should go.
How to Address the Root Cause You Identified and Solve Your Problem
Now that you’ve zoomed in on the real reason why you have a problem, it’s time to do some problem-solving: three more steps, and you’ve arrived!
1. Design a Solution
When working on solutions, keep your Root Cause Analysis aim in view. You don’t just want to solve the immediate problem. You want to prevent the same problem from recurring. Here’s a simple example. You’ve figured out that all the defective products come down to a poorly-maintained piece of production-line equipment.
Just calling in a maintenance crew isn’t good enough. How will you make sure that maintenance schedules are followed in future? What symptoms would indicate that the equipment is due for routine maintenance? Who will be responsible for checking whether maintenance should be moved forward? What do they do, and what is their routine?
Do you notice the repetition of “routine”? That’s what you want to create: a situation in which the problem is prevented as a matter of routine. In other words, your solution becomes part of a repeatable process that is performed the same way over and over again.
Also, consider whether the changes you plan to make will impact other areas of your business. Changes to processes can have knock-on effects. Be sure you aren’t setting yourself up for a new set of problems when you implement the solution. To do this, you need to look at your process flows and how they relate to one another.
Simple example: you decide that your in-house maintenance team must check production-line equipment daily. Do they have the capacity to do this? Will they neglect other tasks if they need to do the daily check? Should you outsource a task they performed before you reached your conclusion?
Beware of overkill. You don’t want duplication slipping in just because you want to be extra-sure of eliminating the root cause of an issue.
The final part of the solution design process is to decide on checks and balances that will tell you whether your business is implementing the solution you’ve devised and whether it works as planned.
2. Implement the Solution
Implementation means change, and change must be carefully managed. Everyone concerned needs to know about your solution and the reasoning that led you to believe that you can solve the problem.
So, explain the Root Cause Analysis process and how you arrived at your conclusion. Explain your solution and how you want it to be implemented. Ensure that everyone involved has the knowledge and resources they need to follow through and set a D-Day for testing your new system.
Keep in mind, though, that it’s always better to first apply the solution on a small scale. You can never know what could go wrong. Once you’re certain that the new solution brings results, you can start applying it company-wide.
3. Evaluate the Results
You’re nearly there! Now, you need to know whether you hit the nail on the head. When you designed the solution, you decided on key indicators that would allow you to see whether the solution works. Use these indicators to follow up.
In this instance, you’re going to see whether the symptoms are gone. The presence or absence of the issues that launched you on your Root Cause Analysis and problem-solving initiative will tell you whether you have successfully solved the problem. Remember to watch out for new issues that may arise elsewhere as a result of the changes you made.
4. Software Tools for Root Cause Analysis, Implementing Solutions, and Evaluation of Solutions
Although the software will never have the flexibility of the human mind, it can do a lot of the legwork for you. If you are using business process management software like Tallyfy, you can use its analytics to pinpoint your problem areas, especially if they’re time-related. At what point did the process start going awry? In other words, you can use it to help you with the all-important first step of defining your problem.
When performing your root cause analysis, Tallyfy will help you to identify bottlenecks and delays in the processes related to the problem you defined. These could be reasons for the problem rather than root causes, but if you follow the root cause analysis process through, you can figure out why they’re happening.
Once you’ve identified a solution to your problem (remember, a solution is related to a process), you can start work on the changes you want to make. Perhaps you discovered that solving your problem requires the elimination of a step in a business process. Simply go to the platform and remove the step. Now, when your employees run the process, the software ignores the step you removed, and the redundant step is out of the equation forever.
But how is your solution working? With Tallyfy, you can follow the implementation of your revised process and look for problems without ever leaving your desk. Best of all, it happens in real time, so you can respond quickly and decisively if problems arise.
Does Root Cause Analysis Work in Problem-Solving?
There’s no arguing it: if you can identify the real root cause of a problem, you can solve it. Examples of successful problem-solving with Root Cause Analysis abound. Boeing managed to improve its safety record. Wind power company, Clipper managed to solve its wind turbine issues using Root Cause Analysis. The list goes on.
However, obstacles to problem-solving using Root Cause Analysis do exist. The biggest culprits are:
- Failing to define the problem comprehensively.
- Failing to identify the real root cause.
- Poorly-designed or short-short sighted solutions.
- Insufficient attention to implementing and evaluating solutions.
Should you try problem-solving with Root Cause Analysis? Yes! Put on your thinking-cap, mobilize your team, and get to work! Won’t it be wonderful when you can feel secure in the knowledge that the problems your business faces now will never rear their ugly heads again?
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